{"id":180,"date":"2024-07-05T13:53:31","date_gmt":"2024-07-05T13:53:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/gsg.ndi.mybluehost.me\/?page_id=180"},"modified":"2024-07-30T16:56:53","modified_gmt":"2024-07-30T16:56:53","slug":"bread","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/yazghulami.info\/tg\/linguistics\/interlinear\/bread\/","title":{"rendered":"\u041d\u043e\u043d\u043f\u0430\u0437\u04e3"},"content":{"rendered":"
\"Balls<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

For a key to the grammatical abbreviations and symbols used in this analysis, see the Abbreviations<\/a> page.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Baking Bread (Procedural text)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(1) vraxt=a var-\u0259m, x\u0259r=da var-\u0259m, \u03c7e\u03c7=ta var-\u0259m,
flour=IND bring.NPST-1PL.AGR, salt=IND bring.NPST-1PL.AGR, water=IND bring.NPST-1PL.AGR,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u03b8u=da k\u0259n-\u0259m, t\u0361\u0283ok=ta k\u0259n-\u0259m.
warm.salt.water=IND do.NPST-1PL.AGR, mixed=IND do.NPST-1PL.AGR<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2018We bring flour, we bring salt, we bring water, we make warm salt water, we mix (it all together).\u2019<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

(2) \u0281owi=da var-\u0259m, xer=da var-\u0259m,
bowl=IND bring.NPST-1PL.AGR, salt=IND bring.NPST-1PL.AGR,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

w\u0259j\u0259m=da d\u0259r du \u0281owi.
put.NPST-1PL.AGR=IND in the bowl<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2018We bring a bowl, we bring salt, we put (it) in the bowl.\u2019<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

(3) bad \u03c7e\u03c7=ta zaz-\u0259m na satil, dar du vraxt=a w\u0259j-\u0259m \u0259nk\u02b2o,
then water=IND take.NPST-1PL.AGR from bucket in the flour=IND put.NPST-1PL.AGR thus,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u03c7amirmo=da w\u0259j-\u0259m.
yeast=IND put.NPST-1PL.AGR<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2018Then we take water from a bucket, we put it in the flour like this, we put (in) yeast.\u2019<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

(4) bad \u03c7\u02b7ax-\u0259m=da \u0292=wai, \u03c7alja=da daj-\u0259m,
then knead.NPST-1PL.AGR=IND ACC=3SG.DIST.M fist=IND hit.NPST-1PL.AGR,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

bad d\u0361\u0292am=da \u0292=wai k\u0259n-\u0259m.
then gathering=IND ACC=3SG.DIST.M do.NPST-1PL.AGR<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2018Then we knead it, we punch it (with a fist), then we gather it together.\u2019<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

(5) ro\u0281n=da var-\u0259m, du \u03c7amir=ra=da mal-\u0259m.
oil=IND bring.NPST-1PL.AGR the dough=DAT=IND smear.NPST-1PL.AGR<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2018We bring oil, we smear it on the dough.\u2019<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

(6) \u03c7\u02b7ixk\u02b2 k\u02b2e d\u0361\u0292am mad, wai \u0283ture=da ro\u0281n mal-\u0259m.
dough that gathering become.PST 3SG.DIST.M.GEN1 upper.side=IND oil smear.NPST-1PL.AGR<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2018When the dough has gathered together, we smear oil on the upper side.\u2019<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

(7) t\u0361\u0283ak\u02b2=ta na-mit.
hard=IND NEG-become.NPST.3SG.AGR<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2018It doesn\u2019t become hard.\u2019<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

(8) bad klijonka=da var-\u0259m, ma du \u03c7amir=da bawij-\u0259m.
then plastic.wrap=IND bring.NPST-1PL.AGR, on the dough=IND put.on.NPST-1PL.AGR<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2018Then we bring plastic wrap, we put it over the dough.\u2019<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

(9) bad d\u0259stor\u03c7on=ai \u03c7o, d\u0259stor\u03c7on=da \u0259nk\u02b2o bawij-\u0259m wai=ra.
then tablecloth=3SG.PROX.AGR INTNS tablecloth=IND thus put.on.NPST-1PL.AGR 3SG.DIST.M=DAT<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2018Then it\u2019s the tablecloth; we put a tablecloth on it like this.\u2019<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

(10) ve=da adijol var-\u0259m, bawij-\u0259m=da wai=ra.
again=IND blanket bring.NPST-1PL.AGR put.on.NPST-1PL.AGR=IND 3SG.DIST.M=DAT<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2018Again we bring a blanket, we put it on it.\u2019<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

(11) ma kurpat\u0361\u0283a=da \u0292=wai w\u0259j-\u0259m \u0259nk\u02b2o.
on floor.cushion=IND ACC=3SG.DIST.M put.NPST-1PL.AGR thus<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2018We put it on a floor cushion like this.\u2019<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

(12) t\u0361\u0283ak\u02b2=ta wai=ra bawij-\u0259m, frip-t=a.
hard=IND 3SG.DIST.M=DAT put.on.NPST-1PL.AGR arrive.NPST-3SG.AGR=IND<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2018We put (the coverings) on it tight, it rises.\u2019<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

(13) bad \u0259nk\u02b2o=da zaz-\u0259m \u0292=wai, waz-\u0259m=da,
then thus=IND take.NPST-1PL.AGR ACC=3SG.DIST.M, divide.NPST-1PL.AGR=IND<\/p>\n\n\n\n

waz-\u0259m=da, \u0259nda=da w\u0259j-\u0259m,
divide.NPST-1PL.AGR=IND, there=IND put.NPST-1PL.AGR<\/p>\n\n\n\n

ve=da bawij-\u0259m wai=ra.
again=IND put.on.NPST-1PL.AGR 3SG.DIST.M=DAT<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2018Then we take it like this, we pull off (small pieces), we pull off (small pieces), we put them aside, we cover them again.\u2019<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

(14) saf=ta \u00f0aj-d, bad-\u0259m, \u03c7i \u03b8\u0259n=da p\u0259\u00f0aj-\u0259m,
round=IND fall.NPST-3SG.AGR go.NPST-1PL.AGR, REFL.GEN1 clay.oven=IND ignite.NPST-1PL.AGR<\/p>\n\n\n\n

jet\u0361s=a p\u0259\u00f0aj-\u0259m, jet\u0361s=a w\u0259j-\u0259m.
fire=IND ignite.NPST-1PL.AGR, fire=IND put.NPST-1PL.AGR<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2018It becomes round, we go, we light our clay oven, we light the fire, we set a fire.\u2019<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

(15) du \u03b8\u0259n=da ro\u03c7n mit, ro\u03c7n=da k\u0259n-\u0259m.
the clay.oven=IND white become white=IND do.NPST-1PL.AGR<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2018The clay oven becomes bright, we make it bright.\u2019<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

(16) du jet\u0361s=a poq k\u0259n-\u0259m, poq=ta k\u0259n-\u0259m.
the fire=IND gathered do.NPST-1PL.AGR gathered=IND do.NPST-1PL.AGR<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2018We gather the fire together (in the middle of the oven), we gather it.\u2019<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

(17) bad x\u0259r=da zaz-\u0259m, \u03c7e\u03c7=ta zaz-\u0259m,
then salt=IND take.NPST-1PL.AGR water=IND take.NPST-1PL.AGR<\/p>\n\n\n\n

du \u03b8\u0259n=ra=da daj-\u0259m.
the clay.oven=DAT=IND hit.NPST-1PL.AGR<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2018Then we take salt, we take water, we sprinkle it on (the inside walls of) the oven.\u2019<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

(18) \u03c7e\u03c7 qatai=da k\u0259n-\u0259m x\u0259rob, \u03c7\u0259rob=da k\u0259n-\u0259m,
water with=IND do.NPST-1PL.AGR salty salty=IND do.NPST-1PL.AGR<\/p>\n\n\n\n

du \u03b8\u0259n=ra=da daj-\u0259m.
the clay.oven=DAT=IND hit.NPST-1PL.AGR<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2018We make salty water, we make it salty, we sprinkle it on the oven.\u2019<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

(19) xat=i \u03c7i \u03b8\u0259n=da wa\u0283-\u0259m.
near=LNK REFL.GEN1 clay.oven=IND sweep.NPST-1PL.AGR<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2018We sweep near our oven.\u2019<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

(20) \u03c7e\u03c7=ta zaz-\u0259m, xer=da d\u0259r wai w\u0259j-\u0259m,
water=IND take.NPST-1PL.AGR salt=IND in 3SG.DIST.M.ERG put.NPST-1PL.AGR<\/p>\n\n\n\n

jo\u0281a=da arara\u0283 k\u0259n-\u0259m ata du \u03b8\u0259n=ra=da daj-\u0259m.
thus=IND mixed do.NPST-1PL.AGR and the clay.oven=DAT=IND hit.NPST-1PL.AGR<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2018We take water, we put salt in it, we mix it like this and sprinkle it on the (inside walls of) the clay oven.\u2019<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

(21) du \u03b8\u0259n=ra=da daj-\u0259m k\u02b2e du non poxt na-awaj-d.
the clay.oven=DAT=IND hit.NPST-1PL.AGR that the bread fallen NEG-put.in.NPST-3SG.AGR<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2018We sprinkle it on the oven (walls) so that the bread doesn\u2019t fall off.\u2019<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

(22) daj-\u0259m=da \u03c7e\u03c7=i x\u0259rob du \u03b8\u0259n=ra,
hit.NPST-1PL.AGR=IND water=LNK salty the clay.oven=DAT<\/p>\n\n\n\n

bad xat=i \u03c7i \u03b8\u0259n=da wa\u0283-\u0259m.
then near=LNK REFL.GEN1 clay.oven=IND sweep.NPST-1PL.AGR<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2018We sprinkle salty water on the oven, then we sweep near our oven.\u2019<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

(23) wa\u0283-\u0259m=da toza.
sweep.NPST-1PL.AGR=IND clean<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2018We sweep it clean.\u2019<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

(24) \u03c7i non=da var-\u0259m, span-\u0259m=da \u0259n tak\u02b2t.
REFL.GEN1 bread=IND bring.NPST-1PL.AGR fill.NPST-1PL.AGR=IND in tray<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2018We bring our bread, we fill a tray.\u2019<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

(25) xat=i \u03b8\u0259n=da var-\u0259m \u03c7i non.
near=LNK clay.oven=IND bring.NPST-1PL.AGR REFL.GEN1 bread<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2018We bring our bread near the clay oven.\u2019<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

(26) r\u0259fid\u0251=da var-\u0259m.
dough.pad=IND bring.NPST-1PL.AGR<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2018We bring a dough pad (a round flat cushion for sticking dough to the sides of the clay oven).\u2019<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

(27) b\u0259j-\u0259m=da ma stol.
put.NPST-1PL.AGR=IND on table<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2018We put it on a table.\u2019<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

(28) tanok=ta k\u0259n-\u0259m.
thin=IND do.NPST-1PL.AGR<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2018We flatten it (the dough ball).\u2019<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

(29) se\u03c7=ta daj-\u0259m.
stick=IND hit.NPST-1PL.AGR<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2018We flatten it with a rolling pin.\u2019 (lit. \u2018We hit with a stick.\u2019)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

(30) \u03c7e\u03c7=ta wai=ra \u0259nk\u02b2o mal-\u0259m.
water=IND 3SG.DIST.M=DAT thus rub.NPST-1PL.AGR\\<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2018We rub water on it like this.\u2019<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

(31) ostint\u0361\u0283a=da zaz-\u0259m, bad r\u0259fida=da zaz-\u0259m.
oversleeve=IND take.NPST-1PL.AGR then dough.pad=IND take.NPST-1PL.AGR<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2018We take an oversleeve (special oven mit), then we take the dough pad.\u2019<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

(32) ma \u03b8\u0259n=da \u0259nk\u02b2o \u0292=wai daj-\u0259m, pad\u0361\u0292-\u0259m=da.
on clay.oven=IND thus ACC=3SG.DIST.M hit.NPST-1PL.AGR cook.NPST-1PL.AGR=IND<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2018We stick it (the dough) to the oven (wall) like this; we cook (it).\u2019<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

(33) \u0259nk\u02b2o=da daj-\u0259m pand\u0361\u0292=ta, bawij-\u0259m=da wai=ra.
thus=IND hit.NPST-1PL.AGR five=unit put.on.NPST-1PL.AGR=IND 3SG.DIST.M=DAT<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2018We put five of them like this; we cover it (the oven opening).\u2019<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

(34) ponzda daqiqa=da bawij-\u0259m wai=ra.
fifteen minute=IND put.on.NPST-1PL.AGR 3SG.DIST.M=DAT<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2018We cover it for fifteen minutes.\u2019<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

(35) waqt=e ki d\u0361\u0292\u0259mb\u0251n-\u0259m=da ru\u0283t=an m\u0259d-\u0251,
time=REL.LNK that lift.NPST-1PL.AGR=IND red=3PL.AGR become.NPST-PRF<\/p>\n\n\n\n

d\u0361\u0292e=da k\u0259n-\u0259m.
place=IND do.NPST-1PL.AGR<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2018When we lift them (and) they\u2019ve become golden brown, we remove (them).\u2019<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

(36) ma \u03b8\u0259n=i kal=da w\u0259j-\u0259m.
on clay.oven=LNK head=IND put.NPST-1PL.AGR<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2018We put them on top of the oven.\u2019<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

(37) bu=da ve daj-\u0259m, ve=da zaz-\u0259m
then=IND again hit.NPST-1PL.AGR again=IND take.NPST-1PL.AGR<\/p>\n\n\n\n

d\u0259j\u0259mbora, \u00f0ow re\u03b8, ve=da pad\u0361\u0292-\u0259m.
second.time two then again=IND cook.NPST-1PL.AGR<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2018Then we again sprinkle (salt water), we take (dough pieces) again a second time, we cook (them) again (i.e., bake a second round of loaves).\u2019<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

(38) daj-\u0259m=da \u03c7e\u03c7 wai ri=ra.
hit.NPST-1PL.AGR=IND water 3SG.DIST.M.GEN1 face=DAT<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2018We sprinkle water on its surface.\u2019<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

(39) wai ri=ra=da \u03c7e\u03c7 daj-\u0259m, du non=i ri=ra.
3SG.DIST.M.GEN1 face=DAT=IND water hit.NPST-1PL.AGR the bread=LNK face=DAT<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2018We sprinkle water on its surface, on the bread\u2019s surface.\u2019<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

(40) \u03c7e\u03c7=ta wai=ra daj-em, du non=ra.
water=IND 3SG.DIST.M=DAT hit.NPST-1PL.AGR the bread=DAT<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2018We sprinkle water on it, on the bread.\u2019<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

(41) du non=i ri=ra=da \u03c7e\u03c7 daj-\u0259m,
the bread=LNK face=DAT=IND water hit.NPST-1PL.AGR<\/p>\n\n\n\n

du \u03b8\u0259n=ra=da bawij-\u0259m=a du non=da ru\u0283t mit.
the clay.oven=DAT=IND put.on.NPST-1PL.AGR the bread=IND red become.NPST.3SG.AGR<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2018We sprinkle water on the bread\u2019s surface, we cover the oven and the bread becomes golden brown.\u2019<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

(42) bawij-em=da wai=ra, lai=da k\u0259n-\u0259m,
put.on.NPST-1PL.AGR=IND 3SG.DIST.M=DAT left.alone=IND do.NPST-1PL.AGR<\/p>\n\n\n\n

ru\u0283t=a mit.
red=IND become.NPST.3SG.AGR<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2018We cover it, we leave it alone, and it becomes golden brown.\u2019<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

(43) abu=da du non d\u0361\u0292e k\u0259n-\u0259m.
then=IND the bread place do.NPST-1PL.AGR<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2018Then we remove the bread.\u2019<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

(44) bu=da ve d\u0361\u0292e k\u0259n-\u0259m \u0292=if.
then=IND again place do.NPST-1PL.AGR ACC=3PL<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then again we remove them.\u2019<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

(45) tamom, pu\u03c7=an, \u03c7i non=an pu\u03c7.
finished cook.PST=3PL.AGR REFL.GEN1 bread=3PL.AGR cook.PST<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2018That\u2019s it, they\u2019re cooked; your (loaves of) bread are cooked.\u2019<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

(46) ana!
you.see<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2018Behold!\u2019 (I.e. “It’s like this!”)<\/strong><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

For a key to the grammatical abbreviations and symbols used in this analysis, see the Abbreviations page. Baking Bread (Procedural text) (1) vraxt=a var-\u0259m, x\u0259r=da var-\u0259m, \u03c7e\u03c7=ta var-\u0259m,flour=IND bring.NPST-1PL.AGR, salt=IND bring.NPST-1PL.AGR, water=IND bring.NPST-1PL.AGR, \u03b8u=da k\u0259n-\u0259m, t\u0361\u0283ok=ta k\u0259n-\u0259m.warm.salt.water=IND do.NPST-1PL.AGR, mixed=IND do.NPST-1PL.AGR<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":162,"menu_order":5,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"nf_dc_page":"","om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-180","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"\nBaking Bread - The Yazghulami Language<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/yazghulami.info\/tg\/linguistics\/interlinear\/bread\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Baking Bread - The Yazghulami Language\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"For a key to the grammatical abbreviations and symbols used in this analysis, see the Abbreviations page. Baking Bread (Procedural text) (1) vraxt=a var-\u0259m, x\u0259r=da var-\u0259m, \u03c7e\u03c7=ta var-\u0259m,flour=IND bring.NPST-1PL.AGR, salt=IND bring.NPST-1PL.AGR, water=IND bring.NPST-1PL.AGR, \u03b8u=da k\u0259n-\u0259m, t\u0361\u0283ok=ta k\u0259n-\u0259m.warm.salt.water=IND do.NPST-1PL.AGR, mixed=IND do.NPST-1PL.AGR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/yazghulami.info\/tg\/linguistics\/interlinear\/bread\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"The Yazghulami Language\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2024-07-30T16:56:53+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/yazghulami.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/20190713_164454-2-sm-1024x576.jpg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"6 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/yazghulami.info\\\/linguistics\\\/interlinear\\\/bread\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/yazghulami.info\\\/linguistics\\\/interlinear\\\/bread\\\/\",\"name\":\"Baking Bread - 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